Some two years after the victory at Actium, he returned to Italy and celebrated his triumph (Aug. The royal treasury of Egypt made him rich enough to discharge the claims of his soldiers and veterans 120,000 veterans were settled in colonies, each with a donative of 1,000 sesterces. Mark Antony and Cleopatra were defeated at the naval battle of Actium (31 b.c.) and the following year Octavian annexed Egypt. It was, however, nearly a decade and a half before Octavian became master of the Roman world. Julius Caesar's will left Octavius three-quarters of his estate and adopted him as his son, thereby giving him the name "Gaius Julius Caesar d(ivi) f(ilius) Octavianus." He enrolled him among the patricians, and at the time of his assassination he was about to add Octavius to his staff for a campaign aimed first against the Dacians and then the Parthians. Julius Caesar, who had no son of his own (he never acknowledged his son by Cleopatra, Caesarion, who would in any case have been illegitimate under Roman law) showed a marked liking for the young Octavius. His second wife, Atia, was the daughter of Julius Caesar's sister. 23, 63 b.c., was the son of Gaius Octavius, who was born into the equestrian order but who achieved senatorial rank, reaching the praetorship. Up into the nineteenth century, Greeks still called themselves ' Romaioi ' (Romans). In the eastern Mediterranean, however, the Roman Empire continued, developing seamlessly into the Byzantine Empire which lasted until Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. In Late Antiquity, the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe, and the year 476, when the last emperor of Rome was dethroned, has become a date of convenience for the fall of the Roman Empire. Indeed, the New Testament is an important source for the life of the common people in the first century of the Empire. It is of particular importance for Christianity, because Christ was born under the reign of Augustus, and the early Church developed in the milieu of Greco-Roman civilization within the Roman Empire and was subject to its government. The greatest and most influential multicultural empire in world history to date.
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